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In 1530, the English tried to expel the Romani from Britain with the “Egyptians Act,” a surviving document that is indicative of this misconception being widespread at the time.Think Smarter. The term “gypsy,” another term for the Romani that is now considered derogatory, is rooted in the incorrect belief that the Romani people came from Egypt. As a nomadic people with different appearances and social norms from White Europeans and whose lifestyle didn’t comport with European ideals of wealth, the Romani were stereotyped as destitute, thieves, and tricksters.
The Romani originate from the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent, and they emigrated primarily to Persia and Europe, arriving in France during the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance. While it is likely true that some Romani came to France via the Czech Republic, primarily in the 15th century, it is not altogether clear why the French drew this association. In France, bohemién was used as a demonym for the Romani people, based on the belief that they migrated to the country from the region of Bohemia. The Czech call the region by its endonym, Čechy, though the use of Bohemia has also become part of the Czech lexicon. Though the Czech are a Slavic people, not Germanic or Celtic, the Bohemia moniker remained common in international parlance as an exonym-an external name for a region or people. The name for the region comes from the name of a Celtic tribe of ancient antiquity, the Boii, who occupied the territory around the 2nd century BCE, combined with the Germanic root word haima-a cognate with the English word “home.” The Boii were known to the bordering Romans thanks to a brief military conflict, and gave the region the name Boiohaemum. The term Bohemia originates from a region by the same name that makes up over half of the modern Czech Republic.
But the story behind the “bohemian” label is fascinating all on its own-and one that spans hundreds of years.Īn 1850 map showing the polities that make up the modern Czech Republic, including the Bohemian Empire. Countless painters, poets, and other artists have taken up the bohemian lifestyle, and its romantic perception has inspired dozens of stories, including La bohème. “Bohemianism” is an evocative term that today calls to mind images of artists like Puccini’s Rodolfo and Marcello, living for their art in a Parisian garret. This series of blog posts explores the historical context and modern relevance of Puccini’s enduring classic. Though the global pandemic forced us to cancel our May La bohème at McCaw Hall, we continue to celebrate the opera’s legacy as one of our art form's most treasured works.
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